Here is the way Function Health calculates bio age, verbatim:
How It’s Calculated + Biomarkers + Why Biomarkers
Typically, biological age is calculated by measuring methyl groups’ placement on DNA (more on this below). Think of them as bookmarks pointing to the pages that need to be read in your book of life.
However, there are indirect ways to get a sense of your biological age by assessing some biomarkers (like the ones used in this calculation) that change with your rate of aging, including the health and function of your liver, kidneys, blood sugar, inflammation, immune defense, red blood health, and more. These systems greatly influence the way the body can age effectively over time. And keeping a healthy baseline of these can positively impact DNA methylation. On the flip side, if the baseline tilts negatively, the biological age may, as well.
The biological aging process can become more resilient and effective if the following biomarkers and associated organs/systems are healthy and productive. When abnormalities of these biomarkers persist for long periods, they can negatively impact your biological age by increasing your risk of illness.
Your results for the following biomarkers are used in this calculation:
Albumin: a protein produced by the liver whose job is to filter and distribute essential nutrients. Low albumin levels can be a sign of liver or kidney dysfunction or protein deficiency. Researchers have found that changes in DNA methylation can affect albumin production in the liver.
Creatinine: a measure of kidney function that is impacted by diet, medications, blood pressure, blood sugar, autoimmune diseases, and more. Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles during regular activities. Kidneys filter out creatinine from the blood and eliminate it through urine. Abnormal creatinine levels can indicate kidney disease or failure.
Glucose: abnormal glucose levels over time can lead to major diseases and illnesses. Conversely, healthy levels reflect the quality of your health. Insulin resistance is a main factor that accelerates biological aging and increases the risk of all age-related diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and dementia. Elevated glucose is caused by insulin resistance.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP): an immune messenger protein produced by the liver that measures hidden inflammation. One of the main characteristics of accelerated biological age is inflammation, otherwise known as “inflamm-aging” in the body. Inflamm-aging is one of the key hallmarks of aging. Prolonged inflammation is linked to cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline. Additionally, abnormal DNA methylation patterns accelerate all inflammatory age-related diseases.
Lymphocyte %: the role of lymphocytes in the body’s immune defense is so important that abnormal levels can lead to severe illness and/or the inability to fight off danger. Over time, abnormal lymphocytes can weaken the body. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate lymphocytes, and as DNA methylation changes with age, it impacts the production and function of these immune cells.
Mean cell volume (MCV): measures the average size of the red blood cells (RBCs) in a blood sample: whether they are too big, too small, or just right. Since RBCs are crucial for carrying oxygen and cells to and from even the tiniest crevices of the body, MCV measures the ability of your red cells to perform their job efficiently. If MCV is either consistently high or low (most likely indicating a chronic nutritional deficiency—iron, folate, B12, or a blood condition), it can degrade your overall wellness and accelerate your biological age.
RBC distribution width (RDW): in combination with MCV, RDW helps reveal the health of red blood cells. When either or both are abnormal over time, it can lead to a higher risk of disease and increased biological age. Variations in RDW can occur with age, and abnormal levels over time can influence cardiovascular outcomes and other pathways associated with aging.
White blood cell count (WBC): a healthy baseline over time means the body is fit to fight off disease or other threats. When abnormal for long periods, this can impact your biological age negatively by increasing risk of illness.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): an enzyme found mostly in the liver but also in bones, bile ducts, and kidneys. When these systems are not working well, it accelerates your biological age.